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Originally from Germany, Kissinger's family fled the Nazi persecution of Jewsin 1938. During World War II, he served in Army intelligence. After the war, he began a sterling academic career in political science at Harvard University, receiving his B.A.(1950) and Ph.D(1954), teaching in the government department (1957-1971), and directing the university's Defense Studies Program (1958-1969). In a series of influential books, Kissinger advocated a hard-nosed, realpolitik approachto cold war diplomacy, beginning with Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (1957).

Kissinger served in foreign policy advisory positions for the Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson administrations, but his greatest influence came under Nixon and Ford. As Nixon's top national security adviser, he guided Vietnam policy through the "Vietnamization" campaign, the invasions of Cambodia and Laos, and the negotiations with North Vietnam which led to the 1973 cease-fire and American withdrawal. Kissinger shared the Nobel Peace Prizefor his role in those negotiations, a highly controversial award considering his aggressive stance through most of the war.

Kissinger also promoted the policy of detentewith China and the Soviet Union which led to Nixon's historic visits there in 1972. Nixon made Kissinger his Secretary of State in 1973, a position he maintained through the Ford Administration. Since 1976, he has continued writing and consulting on foreign policy issues.

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